Summary of Code Switching and Diglossia

1.    Code switching is aterm in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in conversation (Victoria and Rodman,1998).
2.    The terms “Switching code” was firs used in linguistics in the theory of information proposed by Jakobson et al. in the early 1950s (Alvarez-Caccamo,1998:30-32).

3.    Hoffman (1991) classified the reasons to do code switching into seven points.They are as follow:

1. Talking about a particular topic: a speaker feel free and more comfortable to express their emotions, excitements, or even anger in a language that is not their everyday language.
2. Quoting somebody else: Regarding this reason, Hoffman (1991) suggested that people sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures.
3. Being emphatic about something: Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, as Hoffman (1991) staed, he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. 
4. Interjection (Insertiing sentence fillers or sentence connectors): Regarding the reason, Hoffman (1991) suggested that language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.
5. Repetition used for clarification: About this reason, Hoffman (1991) said that when a bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the language that he masters saying the same utterance (the utterance is said repeatedly). 
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor: When a bilingual person talks to another bilingual as suggested by Hoffman (1991), it was mentioned that there will be lots of code switching and code mixing that occur. It means making the content of his/her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the hearer.
7. Expressing group identity: The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups.

4.    Type of Codeswitching

1. Tag switching is subject to minimal syntactic restrictions: therefore, tags may be easily inserted at a number of points in monolingual utterance without violin syntactic rules (romaine,1995)
2. Intersentential switching:the terms indicates, the switch involves movement from one language to the other between sentences.
3. Intrasentential CS is concerns language alternation that occurs within a sentence of a clause boundary.

5.    The Expert oc Code switching and their theory

1.  Jakobson: using code switching term  and different language or different styles of the same language may have different codes.
2. Hoffman (1991) classified the reasons to do code switching into seven points.
3. Romaine, 1995:122-123) The classification of CS that can be classified into three types: Tag switching, Intersentential Cs, and intrasentential CS.

6.    Diglossia refers to a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community.
7.    Diglossic languages (and diglossic language situations) are usually described as consisting of two (or more) varieties that coexist in a speech community; the domains of linguistic behavior are parceled out in a kind of complementary distribution. These domains are usually ranked in a kind of hierarchy, from highly valued (H) to less valued (L); when the two varieties are recognized (or tacitly accepted) as genetically related, the H domains are usually the reserve of the more conservative form of the language, which is usually the literary dialect if there is a written form. `Formal' domains such as public speaking, religious texts and practice, education, and other prestigious kinds of usage are dominated by the H norm; the L norm is used for informal conversation, jokes, street and market, the telephone, and any other domains (e.g. letter writing, cinema, television) not reserved for the H norm.
8.    Function of diglossia: is fundamental, thus distinguishing it from bilingualism. H and L are used for different purposes, and native speakers of the community would find it odd (even ludicrous, outrageous) if anyone used H in an L domain, or L in an H domain.